National Agricultural Research Organisation Institutional Respoitory (NAROIR)

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    Cysticercus Tenuicollis in Visceral Organs of Goats and Sheep in Uganda: A Case Study in Lira Municipal Abattoir
    (Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 2024-10-05) Magala Joseph; Mudde Barnabas; Mawadri Patrick Abel; Guma Williams; Baguma Sylvester Dickson; Olango Okot Patrick; Akullo Jolly
    Cysticercus tenuicollis is a metacestode stage of Taenia hydatigena residing in the visceral organs of small ruminants and its effects cause economic losses due to condemnation of visceral organs in slaughterhouses. This study reports on the prevalence of Cysticercus tenuicollis in small ruminants slaughtered in Lira Municipal Abattoir. A total of 70 sheep and 70 goats were sampled and examined after slaughter for the presence of Cysticercus tenuicollis in the visceral organs using standard meat inspection procedures. An abattoir data collection sheet was used to record data, which was then analysed in SPSS version 20. The study revealed 51.4% of goats and 68.6% of sheep to be infested with Cysticercus tenuicollis. Following the district of origin for the small ruminants, Otuke district had the highest prevalence of the parasite (82.6%), followed by Kole (72.4%), Alebtong (66.7%), Apac (59.4%) and Lira (31.4%). Cysticercus tenuicollis was more frequently seen in the intestines (57.8%) of sheep and goats than in any other visceral organs. The liver had a prevalence of 20.7%, the lungs 17.8%, the kidneys 3.5% and the fetal sac; (15.7%) in goats and (12.9%) in sheep. Cysticercus tenuicollis was detected in 68.8% of females and 58.8% of male small ruminants. It is recommended to routinely deworm goats and sheep by farmers most especially in districts with the highest prevalence of Cysticercus tenuicollis infestation. The sale of the condemned parts of sheep and goats and the feeding of dogs on these contaminated materials should be stopped forthwith. It is also being suggested that a national study be carried out to determine the prevalence and economic impact of Cysticercus tenuicollis in small ruminants.
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    Substituting monensin in lamb finisher diets with a Citral and Linalool blend on meat physicochemical properties, shelf-display stability and fatty acid composition
    (Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2025-03-05) Zané Orffer; J.H.C. van Zyl; Semwogerere Farouk; Mapiye Cletos; Phillip E. Strydom
    Essential oils are aromatic volatile compounds used in ruminant diets to replace ionophores, specifically for their antimicrobial and antioxidative properties. This study investigated the effects of substituting monensin in lamb finisher diets with a blend of essential oils containing citral and linalool on meat physicochemical properties, shelf-display stability and fatty acid composition. Forty-eight Merino wether lambs (30.15 ±2.43 kg) were randomly allocated to one of 3 treatment groups: (1) control (no supplement), (2) Monensin (20 ppm or 0.021 g/ lamb/ day), and (3) a blend of essential oil compounds containing citral and linalool (1 g/ lamb/ day) and slaughtered after 42 days in the feedlot. Post chilling (24 hours post-slaughter), the entire left LTL was collected for meat analyses. The addition of an essential oil compound and monensin both gave better colour stability results (higher redness and lower hue angle) over an extended shelf period than control samples. A tendency towards lower total fatty acid content, mono-unsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids was found for essential oil and monensin treatments, which was not expected. More research is required to determine the precise mechanism of action of the specific essential oils and establish optimal (probably higher) level of application in the diet.
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    Insights into garlic (Allium Sativum)’s nutrigenomics‐associated fly‐repellent potency in cattle
    (Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2025-04-03) Mudau Fhulufhelo; Durunna Obioha; Mapiye Cletos; Semwogerere Farouk; Frans Hagg; Emiliano Raffrenato; Annelin Molotsi
    Despite effective control of flies using synthetic pesticides, fly resistance and environmental contamination have led to the inadequacy of this strategy. The use of integrated pest management approaches has since been advocated in contemporary research to sustainably control fly populations. Recent studies have found garlic (Allium Sativum) and its derivative bioactive compounds to possess insect-repellent attributes among other key health and production enhancing properties. This highlights the potential of garlic as a botanical pesticide to control flies in cattle. Moreover, the ability of cattle to naturally repel flies is influenced by animal genetic predisposition. The dietary garlic supplementation and gene interaction in disease resistance could also be an influential factor in repelling flies in cattle. Transcriptomics has emerged as a valuable tool in animal breeding and genetics which allows identification of trait-associated genes and understanding of complex interactions between dietary nutrients and animal genome expression. This paper explores the nutrigenomic effects of garlic supplementation on cattle and its contribution towards fly repellence efficacy in cattle. It was concluded that garlic supplementation in cattle diets could offer a sustainable approach to managing fly infestations in cattle farming. These findings underscore the importance of further research to validate these assertions and optimise the use of garlic to control flies in cattle under different production systems.
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    Preslaughter practices, pork physicochemical attributes and fatty acid profiles of pigs raised and slaughtered on smallholder urban farms in the Cape Metropole, South Africa
    (Veterinary and Animal Science, 2025-04-14) Mathobela M. Rebecca; Chikwanha C. Obert; Chenaimoyo L.F. Katiyatiya; Semwogerere Farouk; Molotsi H. Annelin; Munyaradzi C. Marufu; Phillip E. Strydom; Mapiye Cletos
    Pre-slaughter practices, pork physicochemical quality, and fatty acid (FA) composition of 36 Landrace barrows aged six months, sourced from five smallholder urban farms (SUFs) in low-income, high-density suburbs and one commercial abattoir in Cape Metropole District, South Africa were evaluated. Pigs on SUFs were fed three diets: (1) kitchen-bakery-vegetable waste-based, (2) bakery-dairy waste-based, or (3) homemade grain-based, while those on a large-scale farm were fed a commercial diet. Pigs on SUFs were either stunned mechanically or not stunned before slaughter. The SUFs either practiced throat or cervical spine sticking during slaughter. Carcasses from pigs fed the homemade grain-based diet had higher (P ≤0.05) weights, ash subcutaneous and intramuscular fat (IMF) values than those fed the other diets. The homemade grain-based diet, throat sticking treatment produced pork with the highest pH45 followed by the bakery-dairy waste-based diet, throat sticking and kitchen- bakery vegetable waste-based diet, cervical spine treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Pigs fed a commercial diet and slaughtered by throat sticking produced pork with the lower (P ≤0.05) values for pH24, colour coordinates (L*, a*, b*, H◦ and C◦) and the higher (P ≤0.05) carcass temperature and shear force values relative to the other treatments. Pork from pigs fed the homemade grain-based diets had higher (P ≤0.05) contents of total FA, total PUFA, individual and total n-6 PUFA than pork from pigs fed the other diets. Pig carcasses stunned with a gun had higher (P ≤0.05) pH45, pH24 and shear force values than those not stunned. The homemade grain-based diet improved carcass attributes and fatty acid profiles of pigs raised and slaughtered on SUFs, stunning enhanced pork physical quality attributes while the kitchen-bakery-vegetable waste based diet, cervical spine sticking treatment produced less desirable pork physical attributes.
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    Effects of Ethanolic Extracts of Tithonia diversifolia and Azadirachta indica on Haemonchus contortus in Goats
    (World’s Veterinary Journal, 2024-12-30) Buyi Laban; Owoyesigire Brian Britex; Idibu Joachine; Odoch Terence; Owere Lawrence
    Infestation of gastrointestinal worms (helminths) contributes significantly to neonatal mortality and reduced growth performance in livestock animals. The present study was conducted to determine the phytochemical composition and the in vitro potency of ethanolic extracts of Tithonia diversifolia and Azadirachta indica on motility inhibition on Haemonchus contortus. Tithonia diversifolia and Azadirachta indica were obtained from farmers in Bulambuli district of Uganda and were treated with 70% ethanol as an extraction solvent. A standard phytochemical procedure was used for qualitative analysis. The in-vitro experiment was conducted using 2.5 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, and 20 mg/ml for each plant ethanolic extract. Moreover, phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was utilized as the control. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloid salts, saponins, flavonoids, steroid glycosides, anthracenosides, coumarins, and anthocyanosides in ethanolic extracts. A dosage of 20 mg/l of Tithonia diversifolia and Azadirachta indica indicated motility inhibition of adult Haemonchus contortus after 2.55 hours and 2.1 hours, respectively, compared to the PBS control group. In conclusion, both plant extracts showed anthelmintic activity leading to the mortality of the worms. The ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica were faster in causing mortality of Haemonchus contortus than those of Tithonia diversifolia at the same dose rate of 20 mg/ml.